La escrófula en el siglo XIX / Scrofula in the 19th century

In the 19th century scrofula or scrofulous adenitis was a frequent condition estimated by the finding of swollen cervical lymph nodes or scars, occurring in both sexes at all epochs of life, mainly in children. It was thought that it principally affected people with an inherited phlegmatic constitution that involved a scrofulous disposition or "diathesis". The disease would be triggered by environmental agents, bad habits or excesses in style of life. Besides injuring cervical lymph nodes, in some cases scrofula could compromise other groups of lymph nodes, bones, joints, lungs or other viscera. In some of its clinical presentations the disease could be healed while others were often lethal disorders. The finding of multiorgan compromise, caseation and "tuberculization" of the lesions originated discussion whether scrofula and tuberculosis were one or two different diseases and if they affected subjects with a common diathesis or people with a distinct scrofulous or tuberculous diathesis. Along the 19th century, before the discovery of Koch's bacillus, the notion of contagion as a cause of scrofula and tuberculosis was not predominant in Europe.

En el siglo XIX la escrófula era frecuente, estimada por la percepción de nódulos o cicatrices en el cuello. Paulatinamente se le empezó a denominar adenitis escrofulosa. Podía presentarse en personas de ambos sexos en todas las épocas de la vida; pero era más frecuente en la infancia. Se pensaba que afectaba principalmente a sujetos con una constitución flemática heredada que implicaba una susceptibilidad o diátesis escrofulosa. La enfermedad sería desencadenada por agentes ambientales, hábitos, o excesos en el estilo de vida. Aparte de los ganglios linfáticos cervicales, podía afectar otros grupos ganglionares, huesos, articulaciones, pulmones y otras visceras, atribuyéndosele diversas formas de presentación que variaban entre las potencialmente curables a las frecuentemente mortales. La afectación multiorgánica, la caseificación y la "tuberculización" de las lesiones originaron la discusión sobre si la escrófula y la tuberculosis eran una sola enfermedad o dos diferentes, y si se desencadenaban sobre una diátesis común o cada una sobre una diátesis específica escrofulosa o tuberculosa. En la mayor parte del siglo XIX, antes del descubrimiento del bacilo de Koch, la noción de contagio como causa de la escrófula y de la tuberculosis pulmonar no parecía predominar en países europeos.

Protective effect of Liuweiwuling Tablets on idiosyncratic liver injury induced by Polygonum multiflorum in rats based on immunomodulation / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of Liuweiwuling Tablets of Polygonum multiflorum (PM)-induced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Methods: Eighty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group, LPS group, PM group, LPS + PM group, LPS + PM + Liuweiwuling Tablets low, medium, and high dose (0.4, 0.8, and1.6 g/kg) groups, and LPS + PM + positive drug Biphenyl group (2 mg/kg). All groups were orally given Liuweiwuling Tablets and Biphenyl once daily for consecutive 2 d according to the different dosages. On day 3, except the normal group and LPS group oral administration of distilled water, all groups were given PM (crude drug 2.16 g/kg), 3 h after the group by the tail vein injection LPS (2.8 mg/kg) according to the different dosage; After 7 h, the rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, and the inferior vena cava was used to collect blood and liver tissue samples were collected. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of liver tissue, and the contents of ALT, AST, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ in rat plasma were determined. TUNEL assay analyzed hepatocyte apoptosis, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the liver tissue expression activity of NF-κB p65. Results: Liuweiwuling Tablets could decrease ALT and AST levels of PM-induced idiosyncratic liver injury rat plasma, reduce liver pathological injury and hepatocyte apoptosis, inhibit the expression of NF-κB p65, and decrease plasma TNF-α and other inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: Liuweiwuling Tablets can reduce inflammation through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway, and prevent of PM induced idiosyncratic liver injury.

A case of severe hypothyroidism presenting only with bleeding diathesis.

Hypothyroidism can present with the variety of clinical features; however, bleeding manifestations as a sole presentation of hypothyroidism is extremely rare. Hemostatic disorder may be a manifestation of several underlying etiology. Here, we report a case of a 14 year old girl who initially presented with bleeding diathesis without any other symptoms suggestive of thyroid dysfunction but later on investigations was found to be suffering from severe hypothyroidism.

Survey and analysis of psychological health diathesis and job burnout of the senior medical workers / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between job burnout and psychological health diathesis of the senior medical workers in Tianjin.Methods 263 medical workers were tested by Psychological Health Diathesis Scale (PHDS) and Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory (CMB[).Results (1) Total detection rate of burnout was 69.3％.Detection rate of mild burnout was 43.0％,moderate 20.2％,and severe 6.1％.(2) Explain rate of self-concept and emotionality to the job burnout was 31.5％.Conclusion Job burnout is prevalent in the senior medical workers in Tianjin.Emotionality,interpersonal diathesis and self-concept,to some extent,can forecast job burnout.

Hemorrhagic Diathesis as the Presenting Symptom of Neonatal Cholestasis / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

A 4-week-old infant presented with a coagulation disorder resulting from a vitamin K deficiency. The vitamin K deficiency was caused by neonatal cholestasis due to biliary atresia. Jaundice, hepatomegaly and pale stools are the predominant presenting symptoms of biliary atresia, none of which were recognized in our patient before admission. However, the patient presented with bleeding caused by vitamin K deficiency. She was fully breastfed and had received adequate doses of vitamin K at birth and from the age of 1 week. In case of a hemorrhagic diathesis due to neonatal cholestasis, timely identification of treatable underlying disorders, in particular biliary atresia, is important because an early surgical intervention results in a better prognosis. Meticulous history taking and a thorough physical exam can be decisive for an early diagnosis and subsequent intervention.

Information diathesis culture of traditional Chinese medical personnel in information age / 国际中医中药杂志

It is an important safeguard to realize TCM renovation,raise medical levels and fulfill TCM modernization by elevating information diathesis of TCM personnel.This paper introduced the contents of information diathesis,discussed the current situation of TCM person information diathesis and the importance of elevating their information diathesis.By different kinds of training,how to raise the information awareness,information acquisition ability and information morality of TCM information personnel were further expounded.

Study on professional diathesis structure system of youthful teachers / 中华医学教育探索杂志

ObjectiveTo confirm a suitable professional diathesis structure system of youthful teachers.MethodsThrough literature review and discussion of a small scale of specialists,the authors established the primary index system.Then Delphi method was taken to organize two rounds of specialist consultations,specialists' opinions were summarized,index name and weight were identified,and the professional diathesis structure system was established.ResultsA professional diathesis structure system of youthful teachers was established,which included seven first-level indicators:professional morality,learning level,teaching ability,scientific research ability,mental diathesis,self-developmental ability,collectivity spirit & society activities,and 35 second-level indicators.ConclusionBuilding scientific professional diathesis structure system of youthful teachers is necessary,which can provide a solid basis for building up cultivating mechanism for youthful teachers.

A research on adolescent mental health diathesis and influencing factors / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the situation and development trend of adolescent mental health diathesis, and explore the differences and influencing factors among students with different features.Methods 338 adolescents were tested with the Adolescent Mental Health Diathesis Scale. Results ①Except the self levels,there was significant differences in other levels and sublevels of the mental health diathesis between college( ( adaption(64.17 ±7.12) interpersonal(58.70 ±7.13 ) personality( 127.72 ± 14.41 ) motive power system( 109.34 ±11.76) cognitive style(43.76 ±4.24) copying style( 106.14 ± 10.33 ) ) and middle school students( ( adaption (68.27 ±5.86) interpersonal(64.78 ±5.25) personality( 135.72 ± 10.52) motive power system( 129.79 ±10.12) cognitive style(49.86 ± 4.70 ) copying style ( 124.77 ± 9.80 ) ), boys and girls, students in cities and countries, with different levels of parents'education or economic of family.②Correlation and reegression analysis showed that the form and development trend of mental health diathesis was influenced by several factors.Conclusion In general, the state of adolescent mental health diathesis is good in Jinan.Different groups of adolescents have diverse styles on the scales and dimensions of mental health diathesis.

Tumor Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation : A case report

Neuroblastoma, relatively common pediatric nervous system malignancy, presents as in various clinical aspects, including mass, pain, fever, weight loss, and infrequently anemia and hepatopathy. Hematologic abnormalities are also brought about according to the disease stage or pancytopenia due to radiation, mainly in the form of coagulopathy. We herein briefly report a rare case of stage IV neuroblastoma accompanied by chronic or subacute disseminated intravascular coagulation in a 5-year-old boy. Despite apparently normal coagulation profiles, we could not conduct routine invasive vascular procedures after induction of general anesthesia because of unexplained bleeding diathesis. Anesthesiologists should be alert to this kind of unexpected but potentially lethal complication and prepare to avoid mishaps.

El suicidio, conceptos actuales

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Abstract: One current problem in Public Health relates to suicide and the identification of the risk factors needs to be clarified accurately. The bases of suicide involve complex multiple factors. In a high proportion of nations, mainly in industry-developing countries, suicide is placed among the first three causes of death in groups aged from 15 to 34 years. In Mexico, suicide represents the ninth cause of mortality, within a wide scale of age ranging from 15 to 64 years. Some risk factors have been identified. Epidemiological studies show that males commit suicide more frequently than females, in a proportion of 5:1. Consummate suicide occurs in men about 50 years old, mainly by hanging or fire arms. Females between 20 and 29 years old, on the contrary, carry out more frequent unsuccessful attempts in the same proportion, by using pesticides and medical drugs. However, in recent years an increase in the number of suicides among young people from 15 to 24 years old has been observed, commonly in lowincome sectors, in subjects with a previous history of psychiatric disorders, mainly personality disorders, abuse of substances and prior suicidal attempts. The risk of suicide generally increases after 45, and becomes especially serious in older people. The phenomenon of suicide in the elderly deserves special attention, due to the fact that the population over 65 years old is continuously increasing. This group displays fewer attempts than youths, but they achieve their aim more often through a silent suicide, by refusing to eat or to accept and follow medical prescriptions. Some psychiatric disturbances are intimately related to suicide. It is considered that 50% or more of the consummate suicides are performed by people suffering from an affective disorder, mainly depression. In this sense, it is noteworthy that most of these patients had been misdiagnosed and in many cases had not received any proper treatment. In addition, the abuse of or dependence on alcohol is present in about 20% of consummate suicides, and high rates of suicide are also observed in schizophrenia. Another common disturbance associated with suicide is anxiety. The simultaneous presence of anxiety and depression must be considered as a great risk factor, since the depressed patient has a high risk of committing suicide under phases of increased anxiety. All of these observations imply an alert signal for medical care units concerning the importance of detecting signs of the presence of risk factors and suicidal ideation, and of implementing adequate therapeutic management, namely, a supervised pharmacological treatment of depression and anxiety, including hospitalization, if it were the case. The risk factors in potential suicide include isolation, poor health, depression, alcoholism, lowered selfesteem, despair and feelings of social and family refusal. Frequently, the potential suicide directly or indirectly gives behavioral and verbal cues of his or her suicidal intention. Roughly, 60% of the victims of suicide had attended some medical care unit in the month previous to the suicide and had commented something about their desires and feelings about death at some moment, and 30% had clearly revealed their suicidal ideation. For such reason, the evaluation of risk of the potentially suicidal patient should be a common practice in medical care units. Therefore, the early detection of the presence of risk factors of suicide, including the report of self-harm and of a detectable incapacity for solving problems, mainly of social type may provide an invaluable time to permit its prevention. Another current aspect awaiting conclusive evidence is associated with some controversial data regarding the impact that the use of antidepressants could have upon suicide. The Food and Drug Administration office (USA) pointed out that deficiencies in information do not allow to confirm any existing relation between the use of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SS-RIs) and suicide in youths. The suicidal risk after initiating the treatment is similar in the patient receiving tricyclics, or seroton-in selective reuptake inhibitors. The risk of suicide can increase significantly in the first month of antidepressant treatment, especially during the first nine days. Consequently, the observation that patients receiving antidepressants attempt suicide, is due, at least partly, to the fact that for still unknown reasons, antidepres-sants require from three to four weeks of impregnation to attain clear therapeutic effects. Therefore, it is indispensable to carry out further clinical and experimental studies to determine the variables that could be implied in this time lag in the action of antidepressants. However, fluoxetine represents a useful alternative in the management of depressive disorders; albeit as in the case of other antidepressants, it requires a strict follow-up of the patient receiving such treatments to avoid the risk of a fatal complication. In conclusion, the suicide risk, being a serious problem of public health, requires special attention. Recent research indicates that the prevention of suicide includes a series of activities, such as educational programs for children and youths, teachers and educators, and also primary health care units for the early detection of suicide risk factors. And, of course, medical training for the management of the potential suicide. For all of them, some relevant facts must be taken into account: Depression can be present in children and adolescents. Access to means of committing suicide, such as weapons, must be avoided. People from medical care units should be on the alert when any one shows signs and symptoms of despair and impulsiveness. Suicide, anxiety and depression have a biological basis; there-fore it is not a matter of cowardice or an act of defiance. An inadequate and inopportune diagnosis may increase the suicidal risk. Parents and teachers should be instructed to detect any sign of suicidal ideation and despair. Therefore, this revision intends to bring some recent data to bear upon the factors of the risk of suicide that provide the reader with information for a more effective prevention.

On specialty diathesis of medical colleges and universities and the characteristic of cultivating its professional diathesis / 中华医学教育探索杂志

There is consistence between educational mechanism and training goal in medical colleges and univeristies. Medical students not only shoud have solid theoretical knowledge and exquisite skills,namely specialty diathesis,but also should possess good professional diathesis. Specialty diathesis provides a basic quality for medical students'future work,while emphasizing the education of professional diathesis can cultivate skillful medical workers with morality who can accord with social needs.

On Continuative Education of Modern Librarian / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The network area has brought the austere challenge and hard-won chance of development to the library's survival and progress.How can we take the challenge and catch the opportunity?The key to do it is endless innovation in work which depends on the librarians' improving their unitary qualities.This article talks about the main idea of librarians' continual education,the approach to make it become reality and brings forward some problems we should pay attention to.

Filial Piety and Fraternal Love is the Source of Medical Students' Ethics / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Filial piety and fraternal love ethics is the nucleus of tradition ethics and the base of a person's moral.Reinforcing filial piety and fraternal love education is beneficial to raising the medical students'morality and qualities,consummating their personality,raising their brotherhood life,easing up doctor-patient relationship and promoting the development of medical health.

The Bipolar Diathesis in Patients with Treatment Resistant Depression / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we determined the prevalence of bipolarity in patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD) by investigating demographic and clinical characteristics, diagnostic subtypes, and illness outcome. METHOD: A medical record review of patients admitted to a university hospital with the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) was conducted. DSM-IV diagnoses at index hospitalization and six months after discharge and detailed clinical information were obtained. We categorized subjects into a TRD group or a non-TRD group and re-evaluated the patients using the recently proposed criteria for bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD). Patients in the TRD group were compared with patients in the non-TRD group with regard to the prevalence rate of BSD at the index hospitalization and at the end of the follow up period. RESULTS: There were 281 patients diagnosed as MDD. At discharge, the number of patients who fulfilled the criteria for BSD was higher (p<.001) in the TRD group (32/68, 47.1%) than in the non-TRD group (8/213, 3.8%). At the end of six-month follow-up period, the diagnoses of 38 patients changed ; 18 (26.5%) in the TRD group were subsequently classified as having bipolar disorder, and seven (3.3%) in the non-TRD group (p<0.001). There was no difference between these two groups in other clinical and demographic variables. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that a large number of patients with TRD have a bipolar diathesis.

Exploration of the mode for measurement and evaluation of nurses'occupational diathesis in employment systemed / 医学研究生学报

Objective:Under the background that the army hospitals need to employ civilian nurses in a large quantity,we try to grope a scientific,objective method to choose the nurse who matches post.Methods:Referring to related data and the ritual of talented person evaluation,we chose the evaluation methods including paper test,computer test,personal interview and data integration;arranged the steps of planning,assigning the weight,performing evaluation,integrating the test results,and tracking for feedback;in order to form the mode to test the employed nurses' occupational diathesis.Results:We fulfilled a series of scales for mood and hobby,weight score,quality structure,evaluation method comparison and nurse's professional quality evaluation,etc,and determined the evaluation methods and procedures.Conclusion:Evaluating more than 100 nurses who are newly employed using this new mode,the result demonstrates that this evaluation mode can be easily operated,and is a guide in employing quantities of professional nurses for a hospital.

Development and Research of Personnel Resources of Licensed Pharmacist of Drug Supply Enterprises in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the current situation of development in personnel resources of licensed pharmacists of drug supply enterprises in China and the ways of development.METHODS:The existing problems in the development of per-sonnel resources of licensed pharmacists were analyzed through the ways of questionnaires and interviews.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:The drug supply enterprises lacked collocation and application rules of pharmacists and there lacked a system for employing,training,assessing and encouraging the licensed pharmacists.Furthermore,because of the inefficient policy,the supply-demand market of licensed pharmacists was unsatisfactory and the functions of the pharmacists were incomplete.Therefore,the practicing environment for the licensed pharmacists must be optimized.It is recommended that a perfect system of employment and assessment should be established;the full-time practice and the part-time practice should be allowed to coexist;the information network platform for supply-demand of the licensed pharmacists should be set up to improve the management as well as self-discipline function of licensed pharmacist association,better the further education system,and therefore promote the development of personnel resoures.

The Relationship Between Junior Middle School Students' Diathesis,and Life Stress with Mental Health / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective:To study the relationship between junior middle school students' diathesis and life stress with mental health.Methods: 259 junior middle school students were administrated General Health Questionnaire(GHQ-12), General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List(ASLEC). Results: (1) Self-efficacy and positive coping styles were positively correlated with mental health,whereas negative coping styles and life stress were negatively correlated with mental health. (2) Self-efficacy, coping styles and life stress directly affect students' mental health. Conclusion: Diathesis and life stress jointly affect students' mental health.

Biochemical and Clinical Comparison of Gouty Diathesis with Uric Acid and Calcium Stone / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: We compared the biochemical and clinical presentation of gouty diathesis in patients with uric acid and calcium nephrolithiasis MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed biochemical and clinical data from 69 gouty diathesis patients(48 with uric acid stones and 21 with calcium stones) and 57 normal subjects were performed at our institution. RESULTS: Demographic similarity between two groups was a male predominance. Gouty diathesis patients in both groups showed abnormally low urinary pH(<5.5) and propensity for hyperuricemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia was found in 31% and 44% of those with uric acid stones whereas 9.5% and 23.8% in those with calcium stone respectively. In control group, 1 case presented with hyperuricemia and urinary pH at 6.3. Both urinary pH and citrate increased after potassium citrate treatment in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The two groups of gouty diathesis with either uric acid stone or calcium stones have similar biochemical and clinical features that are characteristic of primary gout. Calcium stone formation in patients with hyperuricemia or persistent acidic urine may represent a latent form of gout. Patients with calcium stones and biochemical feature of gouty diathesis may manifest primary gouty. Both groups are responsive to potassium citrate treatment.

Discussion on Students' Common Problems During Medical Microbiology Experiment Practice / 微生物学通报

As a major ingredient of high medical college education,experiment practice plays an important role for medical students in integrating the medical theory with practice,training their capability of analyzing and thinking to definitively solute the problems in their study.Microbiology experiment is characterized with strong comprehensiveness and manipulation,which requests the students both aseptic operation and consciousness of bio-safety.To promote the student's comprehensive diathesis and to improve the experiment teaching quality,several common problems of students in medical microbiology experiment practice were analyzed and discussed in this article.

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL ON THE AVAILABILITY OF SELENIUM(III) INFLUENCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL ON THE INCIDENCE OF EXUDATIVE DIATHESIS IN CHICKENSFED WITH LOW SELENIUM DIET / 营养学报

Results obtained from previous studies shoved that at low level of dietary selenium(0.03 ppm) weanling rats fed with diets of low protein level usually possessed higher selenium concentration and GSHPx activity in their blood and tissues. The results were reproduced in chickens in this observation. Furthermore, even the original selenium level could not be maintained in blood and tissues of chickens fed with low protein diet (12.4%) because of faster growth rate and the lower selenium content (0.01 ppm) of the diet used in this study.Of the 27 chickens consuming 18.2% protein diet in the 14 days expe- riment, 23 suffered from exudative diathesis and 3 died without any sign of exudative diathesis, while in the 12.4% protein group only one of the 26 chickens suffered from exudative diathesis during the 14 days experiment and 6 of the 12 chickens in this group observed for another two weeks showed exudative diathesis. In the 18.2% protein group the first chicken with signs of exudative diathesis appeared on the 9th day while it appeared on the 14th day in the 12.4% protein group.How to improve the selenium nutritional status of the residents in Ke-shan Disease areas was discussed.